The Birth Control Pill Essays - Hormonal Contraception,

The Birth Control Pill The Birth Control Pill: The Pill with Many Issues Generations of women have lived with the task of controlling the childbearing process. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill. The approval of the pill was a great event for women. The birth control pill not only prevents pregnancy, it also treats several feminine disorders. Before the birth control pill, many women turned to illegal or self-performed abortion. In 1973 abortion was made legal by the case of Roe Vs. Wade. These events have become a great privilege for women, but neither prevents A.I.D.S. or other diseases. In 1916, the birth control movement was established by a public health nurse name Margaret Sanger. Sanger opened up the first birth control clinic in New York. This clinic informed women about deciding to become mothers and when. It also provided education to women about existing birth control methods. The idea of a woman's right to control her own body and her own sexuality, gave a new outlook to family planning. Sanger recorded in her autobiography: ?Every day the little waiting room was crowded. Women came from the far end of Long Island (the press having the spread the word), from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. They came to learn the ?secret? which they thought was possessed by the rich and denied to the poor.? (Asbell 44) According to Bernard Asbell, the state of New York charged Sanger with illegal distribution of contraceptive information and forced Sanger to close the clinic (45). In 1951, Sanger and Katharine McCormick, an heir to the International Harvester fortune, wanted a simple and a more efficient form of a contraceptive. Sanger went to Gregory Pincus, a researcher at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, with their idea. Pincus had been receiving funds from the Planned Parenthood Federation to study mammalian egg, but it was not enough to develop a hormonal contraceptive (Asbell 59). It was an $180,000 contribution from McCormick that funded adequate research development for a hormonal contraceptive. By 1955, Pincus, a Harvard gynecologist named John Rock, and graduate student Min Chueh Chang had found a way to keep a woman from conceiving. The team of three came up with a progestogen pill that would keep a woman from ovulating; therefore she could not get pregnant. This pill was called the birth control pill and was approved by the Food and Drug administration in 1960. S. Snider reports that the birth control pill ?was a major medical achievement that rewrote the future of women and family life. For the first time in history, it became possible for a woman to safely and effectively control childbearing by taking a pill (4). Although the pill was a wonderful success, it wasn't long before health officials raised concerns about serious side affects. Fears of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke, caused exhaustive research on oral contraceptives in the 60's and 70's. The health risks are not as large due to the low-dose birth control pills on the market today (Snider 5). The birth control pill does not only prevent pregnancies, but it also helps control some diseases and other medical problems. Many women that have an irregular menstrual cycle take the pill to keep their cycle normal. The pill has also proven to help women who have endometriosis. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled case of Roe vs. Wade to legalized abortion. Since there has been health scares about the pill abortion has seem to become the other alternative to contraception. Some teenagers and women abuse abortion as a form of birth control. Many women have used abortions as a drastic form of contraception, due to carelessness or ignorance of better methods. In 1981, the virus acquired immune deficiency syndrome, better known as A.I.D.S. was identified. This virus weakens and breaks down the body's immune system making it almost impossible to fight off other viruses, infections and diseases. A.I.D.S. usually is caught by unprotected sex or drug use. The birth control pill will prevent a woman from conceiving; however the pill will not protect a woman from the A.I.D.S. virus. According to Jean Lawrence of the U.S. Center for Disease control and Prevention: ?Women whose partners use condoms to prevent A.I.D.S. and other sexually

Historiographical Debate over the Origins of the First World War.

Historiographical Debate over the Origins of the First World War. A discussion always at the forefront of historiographical debates is that of the origins of the world wars. This paper will be examining the debates that specifically concern WWI, and its origins by analyzing three prominent perspectives. Fritz Fischer and his book Germany's Aims in the First World War, Gerhard Ritter's A New War-Guilt Thesis? and The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914, by Konrad H. Jarausch.Arguably the most controversial view to emerge from the historiographical debate over the origins of the First World War belongs to Fritz Fischer. A German historian, Fischer in the 1960s published his book Germany's Aims in the First World War, reviving the 1920s idea that Germany was largely to blame for the First World War. The strength of his case lies in the large amounts of primary evidence he had collected to support the argument that Germany sought to establish itself as a world power, and that the great war was merely the co ntinuation of the nation's weltpolitik from the late nineteenth-century.Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, argued for a guarante...Fischer conveniently linked Germany's aims in WWI to the aims of Nazi Germany in WWII, gaining popular support from those still reeling from the shocking events of the Second World War. He denounced the German claim that the war was defensive or preventive, by noting that the German government had used the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary as an excuse to attack Serbia and Russia. [1] According to Fischer, Germany had almost complete control over the political maneuvers of Austria at the time, and was directly responsible for the ultimatum issued to Serbia. Furthermore, German diplomats went to great lengths to ensure that Germany did not appear to know anything of the actions Austria-Hungary had taken. Fischer provides evidence of this in...

Global economic and marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global economic and marketing - Essay Example 1.3 Decreasing the price of a commodity does not necessarily mean that a business establishment will realise profits. This is because there are other market forces such as competition that decide the price at which good and services are to be offered in the market. This being the case the management of the company should perform an assessment of the market in order to understand how various factors affect the price and demand of transport. After doing so the company will be well equipped to know to which level they should lower their prices in order to enjoy profits. Question two 2.1 One notices that changes in the income tax change in different ways from 2008 to 2013. This can be attributed to various factors that force the government to adopt taxation policies. For instance, when the government is running on a deficit budget then it is within reason that the government increases the income tax rate or tax band in order to increase its revenue. From the data provided one establishes the United Kingdom does not increase the tax rate but it increases the tax band. This is considered by various scholars as a good policy to adopt when allocate tax revenue especially in economic turmoil times. The tax system of the United Kingdom is designed in a manner in which those who earn minimum wages are charged lower taxes than those who earn higher amounts. For instance a person who earns 150,000 pounds is charged a higher tax rate when compared to one who earns 10, 000 pounds. This is so since the one earning above 150,000 falls under three different tax bands with three different tax rate each higher than the other. As a result their salary is deducted a considerable amount of their tax money. The United Kingdom government employs a tax system based on tax bands rather than increasing tax rates in order to ensure that low income earners are not deducted huge sums of money as income tax while at the same time the government continues to earn more revenue from those earnin g high incomes. In short, it is a good policy adopted since the latter complements the previous. 2.2 Income level 1 - ?10,000 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Personal allowance ?6,035 ?6,475 ?6,475 ?7,475 ?8,105 Income after reduction of personal allowance

Literature Review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature Review - Dissertation Example The massive growth in population applies enormous strain on the local workforce and population on an island that has limited natural resources and space. As stated further, mostly Shiites in Bahrain believe that this population growth is basically to a greater extent as a result of the naturalization of Sunni outlanders, which is certainly at their cost. Since a breakdown by religious camps is unavailable officially, it is usually considered that 70% of the Bahrain’s population consists of Shiites where as the remaining Bahraini population includes Sunnis. Nevertheless, this proportionality might have changed due to the naturalization policy of the regime. Bahrain holds a relatively exceptional position among the GCC countries due to its mass Shiite population, long history of political opposition, liberal social norms and natural resources earning relatively small income. ... After the Sunnis the hawala families, who re-located themselves in Bahrain during the last century from the coast of Iran, declared themselves as of Sunni and Arab origins. The fifth and the biggest tire of the socio-political hierarchy constitutes the indigenous Shiite Arabs known as the Al-Baharina where as bottom most tier include the Persians, both Shiite and Sunni. No to mention that all the Shiites are in favor of the protesters or there is no Shiite elite. However some Shiite families such like the Al-Arrayed and Al-Jishi have turned very rich and are regarded as the allies of the ruling families. MOBILIZATION AND POLITICAL TENSIONS Contemporary education commenced quite early as per regional standards, which is inclined towards a large educated middle class and supports the first liberal organizations, trade unions as well as labor movements. This further stimulated the population during the 1950s as well as prompted a re-known uprising in 1965 against the presence of the Bri tish. As a result of this, an extremely engaged associational life was created. Perhaps Bahrain possesses the dynamic and obtrusive civil society amongst the Arab Gulf states (Fuccaro, 2009). The successors of these groups are yet in function today. Al-Kahlifa endeavored to strengthen their legitimacy, during the late 1960s and early 1970s while they were experiencing an opposition that illustrated sharp class and ideological characteristics, by asking for the development of an assembly assigned to draw up a constitution consensus at which the semi-elected national assembly possessing limited legislative powers would agree upon. In June 1973, the constitution was promulgated where as in the early

Compare and contrast Stopping by woods on a snowny evening & The Road Essay

Compare and contrast Stopping by woods on a snowny evening & The Road Not Taken - Essay Example The woods, although beautiful and serene, represent a dark and lonely place away from society and responsibilities. This isolation is tempting and seems to offer peace and quiet but is something no one would want or advise. For example, even the owner of these woods is away in his village on this â€Å"darkest evening of the year† (8). The village symbolizes society and civilization and is separate from this lonely, isolated spot so that even the owner won’t know that this visitor was here. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the narrator comes across a fork in the road and is presented with two choices. Both are seemingly the same and there is no sure way to choose the right one, â€Å"the passing there/ Had worn them really about the same† (9-10). What matters most is that a choice has to be made. The narrator does, however, spend a lot of time judging his decision (Fagan 295). For example, he looks down one path and analyzes it as best he can, â€Å"long I stood /And looked down one as far as I could/ To where it bent in the undergrowth† (3-5). Also, the narrator realizes that any choice he makes will lead him to other choices and he won’t be able to come back to the first one. In both poems, Frost uses nature imagery to symbolize the journey of life. For example, in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, the woods represent a place and choice away from society, free from any obligations. Similarly, in the â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the two paths in the woods are symbolic of life’s critical choices and decisions that one has to make (Fagan 295). Also, the imagery of grass represents the people that have already traveled down that particular path. Both poems also allude to the fact that both narrators have a long way to go and that their journey does not stop at these woods or cross roads of life. For example, in â€Å"The Road

The influence of the media: Canadian elections

The influence of the media: Canadian elections Mao ZeDong once said that power comes out of the barrel of a gun. While that is still true, power also comes out of the manipulated images created to change ones thinking process and behaviour. Through the world of third person communication, technologies have generated various types of media. This paper will be discussing the effects and influential powers exercised by media in Canadian elections. During this complex process, understanding the brief history of media organizations as well as some information on Canada will provide a steppingstone for a deeper knowledge of the concepts and practices. Practically, in every attitude of the election campaign will engage the media. In fact, media is the ultimate platform where all political parties will be fighting on. Whether by budging through television and news reports or by purchasing time and space on mass media, parties must always use media to hype voters for support. Media organizations have their own agenda. They tend to sell themselves to the audiences with their star reporters, journalists, and as much as they can cover over the course of election. Inevitably, news will be discriminately selected, stories will be twisted, and they will be promoted with personal views and reactions. Mass media, therefore, will have powerful influences on voters. Canada, the country with the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, is far more familiar to multiculturalism than any other countries. Citizens are more social and less religious, while at the same time, keeping less class oriented and less partisan, than Americans who are more troubled by racial issues. As stated by Ian McAllister: Partisan dealignment implies that fewer voters begin the election cycle with such predisposition, making them more susceptible to the short-term issues and themes of the campaign. In other words, Canadians tend to have less political attachments and therefore consumers have greater effects on broadcast media. First Canadian media is the invention of newspaper. It is developed in the eighteenth century as gazettes. The official publications at that time are restricted only to edicts and laws, and some news from the home country; editorial materials are highly prohibited. Reporters are often beaten, threatened or jailed by the authorities. Until 1820s and 1830s, after William Lyon Mackenzie and Joseph Howe have fought and won the important court battle on in the area of publications materials, the right to publish freely can finally be ensured. Since then, various types of media have surfaced within citizens lives. Consumers are able to acquire contents that can be accessed through newspaper, television, radio, magazine, video product, or the internet. A new market has been innovated. Yet, the ownership of this new product remains in relatively few hands. These privately owned corporations, controlled by very wealthy people, dominate the Canadian media business. The effects are quite obvious, as Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky state: they are closely interlocked, and have important common interest with other major corporations, banks and government. Reporters keep close contact with the government as they could be benefited greatly from these close relationships. They could boost their popularity and influential ratings, as they were often given important scoops and leads, and they were known to have key connections to important backstage information. In the recent years of Canadian newspaper industries, some of the most significant changes were that the family-owned newspaper sold to newspaper chains owned by large business organizations. While reducing the production cost, newspapers became within reach of ordinary people, whereas, in the nineteenth century, newspapers were relatively expensive and available only to the elites. One of the biggest newspaper companies, Canwest, now under the control of Shaw Media, owns thirteen newspapers in Canada, which together control over thirty percent of Canadas newspapers circulation. Another large communications company is Sun Media, which issues thirty six different newspapers, making it the most number of papers per company. The two companies cover up to fifty one percent of the total number of newspaper and take over fifty-four percent of Canadas total newspapers circulation, thus, creating a concentrated ownership. With dominate powers; these two companies are in much lesser competiti on forces. They will feel unnecessary needs on the range of media information than do the need to make profits and the organizational structure of news-gathering and reporting. As a result, concentrated ownership is seen as limiting the range of ideas and information that reach the public. The limitation on the range of ideas and information was further explained by Walter Lippman who first proposed that the function of news is to signalize an event. The concept can be understood more in details by the argument made by Bernard Cohen after his research during the 1960s, The press is significantly more than a purveyor of information and opinion, it may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. During the elections of 1988, as one of the major campaign themes, the New Democratic Party (NDP) constructed the following message (audio): The job is hard work. I love it and Im good at but Canadas good Medicare is being threatened by the Mulroney free trade deal. In the United States Ive seen whole families wiped out by one illness. We cant let that happen here in Canada. The New Democrats started Medicare and I know I can trust Ed Broadbent to fight for it. This time, Ed Broadb ent. The short commercial, highlighting a nurses fear on the health care system of Canada, have created the NDPs most successful election in the history, a 20.4 percent of votes with 43 district seats in the House of Commons. Media plays a role in social learning. The first appearance of this effect can be extracted from the World War I; when tens of millions of people being entertained, and influenced by the latest Hollywood films, and when large numbers of population were being subjugated and manipulated by the propagandas created by Hitler and Stalin. The first research on such effects was conducted in 1920s and 1930s, and sometimes called the magic bullet theory. The hypothesis behind was that media images could directly penetrate peoples conscious and unconscious thoughts. In a study of 1,800 children and adolescents, Herbert Blumer concluded that when his subjects saw behaviours of the actors in the films that were beyond their own experiences, subjects behaviours were altered primarily based on what they had been seen at the movies. To be effective and influential, political parties must find consistent association between media viewing and an increase in changing behaviour. Effective broadcast of media is like the shadow striker; it hits the viewer anonymously. Agenda-setting and priming can be adopted for an effective broadcast to influence viewers. Various researches on agenda-setting involved relationship between the priorities on a particular issue set by the media and by the public. McCombs whom first started researches on agenda setting noted that the media influence what people believe before they reach a decision, particularly and election decision. If candidate is able to lead voters to a realization on a particular issue, and set it to top priority, then they may have an effective advantage. With a condition that the voter is not a partisan, in which something Canada tends to have less of. Priming the audience is identified by Iyengar and Kinder as a phenomenon that they described as by calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, television news influences the standards by which governments, presidents, policies, and candidates fo r public office are judged. If the television news broadcast the environmental issues over a significant time period as lead items, then environmental issues will be the deciding factors to the government for viewers. When it comes to television advertising, these techniques can be very effective. Another important finding on media effect is the role of repeated messages which was studied by Rothschild and Ray(1974). In an experiment using short ads about candidates, 20 percent of the subjects remembered the candidates after the message had been presented once; 55 percent of the subjects could name the candidates after it had been presented six times. The experience can be summarized into; message repetition is an important factor in familiarizing voters with candidates and issues. In Canada, the current election laws give the governing party enormous advantage in the media campaign. During each election campaign, each broadcaster must have a certain amount of minutes made available for political parties to purchase for advertising based on the number of seats that each party has in the House of Commons, the percentage of the vote in the last election, and the number of each party candidates running for election. In 2008 election campaign, 396 minutes in total were allocated; the governing party, the Conservative Party, had 95.5 minutes, the runner up, the Liberal Party, had 82.5 minutes, and the New Democracy Party only had 45 minutes. The result of the 2008 election was the Conservative Party won 143 seats with 37.6 percent in vote, the Liberal Party has 77 seats with 26.2 percent in vote, and the New Democracy Party has 37 seats with 18.2 percent in vote.In concept, with the datatand advertisers at least as much as they cover the election.

Evaluation of The Woman In Black Essay -- Drama

Evaluation of The Woman In Black On the 26/6/05 we went to see a performance called the women in black with all the pupils who chose drama as their gcse. We made our way to the coach and got ready to leave. The coach drove into London and everyone was very enthusiastic about seeing this play as it was supposed to be scary and most people there hadn’t been to the theatre. First we went to the theatre where we were given a preview of how they used lighting and sound on the stage. I was incredibly interested at how the lighting was such a big part in a performance! It affected the whole mood of the audience meaning that the sound and lighting director can control our mood before the actors even get on the stage. This I think is vital for the actors, for example if the lights were very bright and you were trying to pull of a scary scene it just wouldn’t work or it would be very hard to pull off. But if the lights were dim or even on black out then the mood would change, darkness is a good tool to use, but used too often can ruin a play. Darkness played a major part in the play; it was used two or three times, but only one being used to scare the audience. This created tension as sometimes, nothing scary would happen when the lights got dim. Sounds were also used with the lighting to create or make you use your imagination on the stage. Different sounds were played, but I found that the best â€Å"trick† they used was the journey the main character does on the...

Education and Guest Speaker Essay

â€Å"No matter how hard life is, one has to hope for happiness. Sorrows and failures are to be accepted as milestones towards success.†Ã‚  To our guest speaker __________________, school administrators and officials, teachers, parents, classmates, fellow students, guests, ladies and gentlemen a pleasant (morning or afternoon).  Today is a happy day for all of us. It is a day of celebration as we students of this school finish our elementary education. It is not a simple accomplishment. All of us know how we graduates struggled, burned our midnight candles just to pass our examinations and submit our school requirements. Further, at some point in time, our parents experienced financial difficulties but by God’s grace, we were able to accomplish the tasks laid before us successfully. Definitely, God is good. Leaving the portals of this school which I loved since prep school is not easy. It is from this academic institution that I learned to value the importance of education in one’s life. With that in mind, I gave my best efforts in my studies. Excellence has become my battle cry. The basic education the school has taught me laid down a strong foundation that will help and guide me as I continue my studies and pursue my ambition in life. I know I would be successful for I have anchored my faith in God, molded by the Christian values the school has imparted and with the unconditional love of my parents who patiently provided me with advises, love and support me for all my needs. Life at school has become meaningful and was shaded with different beautiful colors as days pass. It can be compared to movies or â€Å"teleseryes† on television. There is drama. There is comedy, action and adventure. The different activities we have joined and actively participated completed our academic training. We were not only confined to the four walls of the classroom but at the same time encouraged to bring out our hidden talents, skills and potentials. Sharing one’s self to a classmate or to a friend is such a great joy.

Internet Freedom and Democracy

Internet Freedom and Democracy Recently people more aware about real democracy because technological developments and internet help people who access the internet simultaneously. Especially internet has a great contribition. Internet’s most important two features which are pure information and easy accessibility are gift from network developers to general public. Some believes that this intervention is very helpful for humanity and some others argues that internet will be a tool for mean and malevolent people such as terrorists,racist or pedophiles.Democracy’s most well known feature is being free as can as possible. Person who lives in democratic country can do what s/he wants to do without abusing the other people’s rights,feelings and freedoms. Accordingly on this definition , people can access to internet when they want. They can communicate with each other or surf on the internet and no one can stop users. Internet is a new way of promoting democracy. It is a new area that capable for keeping in touch with billions of people. It does not need to rest or it never dies. However this event depend on governments and authorities’ attitude towards the internet.As you imagine that, internet’s simplicity creates powerful interaction. This interaction ability leads billions of people’s attention. This interaction power and lots of people’s attention may cause a handicap for Authorities. Becouse of this great power States and Authorities want to control it. Thanks to the democracy, there is a obstacle for that. Our rights are saved by laws and governments can not inhibit our internet freedom. Let assume that all of the developing and developed countries are beindg governing with complete democracy.In this circumstance,a large amount of people can reach various imformation easily. Only one click on the mouse opens a door to the rest of the world. Jamie Metzl describes the internet as a quick and cheap way of exchanging the information. It is a great invention that people may gain information very fast and very easy. People can announce their voice and express their ideas. People may also express themselves without the internet but internet makes this process faster. Sharing ideas has become easier with internet. Because internet provides flow of informatin without any corruption or changes.For example (from Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article), human rights organizations were challenging with authoritarian governments early 80’s but later internet usage has started to grow and they have gained adventage from internet. They published their articles and annunced their activities freely. In Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article, Amnesty International which is an organization that protects human rights all over the world. In their Indonesia campaign , they used the online communication becouse government could not making intervention to that area.Day by day Indonesian peo ple have become more aware about their rights and resisted to government’s human rights abuses. Briefly , internet provides democratic rights for people. With internet’s contribitions people can understand the democracy in fast and easy way. Internet is such a great invention that it is easiest way to foster freedom. There is no militaristic pressure, police stick, or torture for readings, songs and idea expressions. It means that there is no this kind of scary affects for being free. People know that they can read, listen or say what they want with internet.This is the main reason for internet’s popularity. Completely democratic countries have been allowing flow of information for many years. Except democratic and liberal countries’ citizens, people couldn’t express themselves freely before the invention of the internet. For example; in Turkey, in early 80’s lots of author was imprisoned by military because of their ideologies and books. Al so military was burning ideological books. Even today Turkish citizens aren’t recognizing the complete freedom. However, it changed recently. Lately 90’s internet has become popular and there was no limitation for it.That interval was the pure freedom for internet users. It is a fact that, only way for spread of an idea is communication. Frequency, power and speed of communication are directly proportional with dissemination of idea or information. A user’s idea could be effective on the other user. Different thoughts could become an ideology at the internet. For example; a couple months ago Turkish government has started to applying safe-internet which is software for limiting the internet. Popular bloggers wrote articles about it and they raise awareness about this law.Firstly bloggers and a lot of users protest this issue on web but it didn’t be effective. After that bloggers planned a real protest at streets. They invited both internet users and civil public to strike this issue. Thousands of people responded this call and they protest that law because, government tried to abuse their internet freedom. However, some people argue that internet isn’t kind of a tool that helpful for democratic developments. In dictatorships and non-democratic countries internet doesn’t work properly while process of promoting the democracy.Censorship issue and authoritarian pressures prevent flow of information. Not only civil people use the internet. Governments have their own websites or blogs. Public’s internet is being limited with same technology by governments. Civilian programmers call that the Censor ware. There are lots of ways for blocking or limiting access to websites. Most well-known are Web filters which programmed by states’ programmers. Another one is blocking the website. Jonathan Strickland mentioned this issue in his article. For Strickland, Governments block access to the web pages they identify as un desirable.Undesirable means that the websites which criticizes the state’s ideology or contrary with government’s activities. As a result, these actions cause a counter belief for internet’s democracy foster power. In conclusion, many people believe that internet is accelerating the freedom and democracy in most of the countries. A few people disagreeing with that but generally thought of internet’s contributions to democracy is positive. Two main features of this technology are helping people which are fast and easy and fast accessibility and not corrupted information.

Return on Assets What It Is and How to Use It

Return on Assets What It Is and How to Use It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The business world is full of acronyms, and keeping them all straight can be tough. What is Return on Assets, also known as ROA? Read on to learn exactly what ROA is, how you can use the ROA formula to calculate it, how ROA relates to similar financial ratios, and, most importantly, what you can learn about the success and future of a company from its ROA. What Is Return on Assets? Return on assets (sometimes known as Return on total assets) is a financial ratio that tells how much profit a company can generate from its assets. Successful businesses are able to earn more money from their assets, and ROA tells you how well a business is doing that. In general, the higher the ROA, the better the company is doing because higher ROAs indicate a company is more effectively using its assets to generate profits. In other words, they’re earning more money on less investment. How Do You Calculate Return on Assets? Return on assets is calculated as the ratio of the company’s net income to its average total assets. Net income (also known as net profit) is the amount of total revenue remaining after accounting for all expenses. Total assets are all the resources a company owns that have economic value. Here’s the ROA formula: ROA = Net Income à · Average Total Assets For example, if a company has $20,000 in total assets and generates $2,000 in net income, the return on assets calculator tells you that its ROA would be $2,000 / $20,000 = 0.1 or 10%. An ROA of 10% means the company earned $0.10 for every $1 it has in assets. What Does ROA Tell You? The return on assets ratio is a way to determine how well a company is performing. It shows how well a company can convert the money used to purchase assets into profits. As mentioned above, higher ROAs are generally better because they show the company is efficiently managing its assets to produce more net profits. In general, an ROA over 5% is considered good. However, ROA can vary by industry, so instead of comparing one company’s ROA to a completely different company’s ROA to try to see which one is doing better, you’ll get more accurate data by comparing one company’s current ROA to its past ROA or to the ROA of another company in the same field. Here are the ROAs of several well-known companies. Notice how much they vary from each other. You could compare the ROA of Facebook to the ROA of Snap (Snapchat’s parent company) and say pretty confidently that Facebook provides a better return on assets than Snap because the difference (23.97% vs -40.62%) is so great and also because they’re in the same industry. However, you shouldn’t compare to ROA of Facebook with, say, the ROA of McDonald's because the two are in completely different industries. The data below is the ROA of each company from October through December 2018, and it comes from Macrotrends. Facebook: 23.97% McDonald's: 18.50% Target: 7.03% Exxon: 6.08% Snap: -40.62% New York Times: 6.36% General Motors: 4.25% Tesla: -3.42% Additionally, keep in mind that ROA isn’t a surefire way to gauge how well a company is doing because, like any other single financial value, it doesn’t include the whole picture. For example, companies with large initial investments will typically have lower ROAs, even if they’re doing well. Knowing additional financial ratios of a company will give you a better idea of how well it's doing compared to just looking at its ROA alone. We discuss two other key financial ratios in the next section. How Is ROA Different From ROE or ROI? Like ROA, Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Investment (ROI) are ratios used to measure the performance of businesses. Understanding the differences between the three will help you get a more complete view of how well a company is doing and how different factors are impacting its success. ROA vs ROE Both ROA and ROE measure how a company uses its resources. However, ROE only measures the return on a company’s equity and doesn’t account for a company’s debt. ROA does include the company’s debt. The more debt a company takes on, the higher its ROE will be relative to its ROA, and if a company has no debt, its ROE would equal its ROA. Here’s the formula for Return on Equity: ROE = Net Income à · Shareholder Equity Both ROA and ROE have net income in the numerator, but ROE has shareholder equity in the denominator. Shareholder equity = assets - liabilities. That inclusion of liabilities is the difference between ROE and ROA (ROA only has assets in the denominator). Investors typically use both values to determine how well a company is doing. The ROE value shows how effectively investments are generating income, while ROA shows how effectively the company’s assets are being used to generate income. ROA vs ROI ROI evaluates the impacts investments have had on a company during a defined period. Here’s the ROI formula: ROI = (Earnings - Initial Investment) à · Initial Investment Because assets and profitability of businesses can vary widely across industries, ROA is typically only useful for comparing similar companies within the same industry. ROI, however, can be used to compare companies in different industries because analysts can use ROI values to determine which company, in any industry, will return the most profits if they choose to invest in it. Summary: Return on Assets Ratio The return on assets ratio is a way to tell how much profit a company can generate from its assets. The ROA formula is: ROA = Net Income à · Average Total Assets The return on assets formula is one useful way to measure a company’s success, and, in general, the higher the ROA, the better. However, don’t rely exclusively on ROA to determine if a company is doing well, and don’t compare the ROAs of companies in different industries, since difference industries typically have different average ROAs. What's Next? Working on a research paper but aren't sure where to start?Then check out our guide, where we've collected tons ofhigh-quality research topicsyou can use for free. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class?We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know.

Commercial law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Commercial law - Case Study Example States and the UK are different, and nowhere is this more exemplified than by the respective responses by these two Government following major incidents of corporate fraud. This Case review compares some of the differences between the corporate environments operating in each of these jurisdictions, and explains how they may have contributed to such divergent responses. One can characterise these responses as legislative and/or regulatory. Legislative responses refer to legal changes that are made, which force businesses to change their practice if they are to remain compliant. In this instance, legislation is an externally enforced means of changing corporate behaviour. Regulations on the other hand can be externally or internally generated, and can promote a desired change of behaviour through legislature or through Codes of practice developed by industry bodies such as the group representing licensed auditors. Whether the regulations are internally or externally generated, one important aspect in which they differ from legislative regimes is the higher degree of importance placed on monitoring of entities within regulatory regimes. Legislative regimes primarily depend on the sanctions to foster compliance. Immediately, following the corporate governance crisis that occurred in the United States in 2002, the federal government implemented far reaching legislature, to protect investors from such levels of corporate fraud. On the other hand, when the U.K experienced a similar crisis in its corporate governance system in 1991, the response was much different. What followed was over a decade of Commission reviews which each provided best Codes of Practices for agents within the corporate governance regime. Eventually legislature on corporate fraud was only enacted in the Fraud Act of 2006. The analysis in this review points to some of the reasons that these government undertook such different responses. Firstly, prior to the crises, there was significant

Issues in Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Issues in Human Resource Management - Essay Example The qualities of an effectively managed employee according to Roosevelt T. [1978], relate to his ability to answer for himself and others the following five basic job related questions: i.Why am I here [How does he identify himself within the organiation] ii.Where am I going [What is his understanding of the goals of his unit and/or that of the entire organization How can he be a part of achieving that goal The manager is to let him know all these]. iii. How am I doing [He needs to know his performance and progress towards achieving the overall goal and objective of his unit/organisation]. iv. What is in it for me [What are the rewards for him for achieving results] v. What happens when I need help [How are they reinforced for doing good job What is the process of delivering the reward A manager can define for the subordinates what rewards he can give within a specific context]. An average worker and an average employer will expect the following from each other under a typical employment contract: EXPECTATIONS By Manager By Worker T O R E C E I V E Cooperative effort Problem solving by the worker Considerable self management Production beyond the minimum required Improvements in overall group performance Open communications of any unresolved problem Cooperative effort Some problem solving Some self management Service beyond the minimum required Performances as required T O G I V E T O G I V E * Adequate compensation Sense of belonging to company Sense of importance Sense of accomplishment Sense of purpose Training & knowledge Sense of fulfillmentAdequate compensation Sense of belonging Sense of accomplishment Sense of being valued T O R E C E I V E *In this instance, "to give"... Does the manager/management carry along the staff Do they have any definite goals/objectives to which their efforts could be channeled Are the mission and vision of the organization clearly made known to the staff v. What happens when I need help [How are they reinforced for doing good job What is the process of delivering the reward A manager can define for the subordinates what rewards he can give within a specific context]. *In this instance, "to give" should read as "to facilitate realisation of." [Adapted from Lashrook 1981b, Leader Manager] and supported by Rensis Likert and Jane Gibson Likert,[Integrative Goals & Consensus in Problem Solving] Rosabeth Moss Kanter [Empowerment] and Roger Harrison [Strategy for a New Age]. Things such as reducing time spent at work, spiraling wages, fringe benefits, etc have at one time or the other failed to bring out the expected result from an employee. It goes to suggest that it takes more than these incentives to motivate some people in order to get the best out of them, i.e. in terms of job performance and behaviour. In his hygiene factors/motivation, Herzberg tries to explain that certain issues bring job satisfaction and certain issues cause job dissatisfaction. Herzberg's studies revealed that the factors involved in producing job satisfaction [motivators] are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.