Analysis Of Ibn Haldun And Adam Smith And David Hume And...

It is one of the hardest questions and unfortunately still unknown in the living world in despite of a myriad of academic studies. Many scholars from all around world asked this magic question in different time over the history. From Ibn Haldun and Adam Smith to David Hume and Karl Marx, from Alfred Marshall and Robert Solow to Paul Romer and Daron Acemoglu, there have been so many prominent and distinguished scholars who tried to find an answer to this question in order to understand the world better and some of them are still trying to find a fully satisfactory answer about this one of the most interesting and challenging areas in academic studies. Here is an example of one the answer to show that it is old question. â€Å"Ibn Khaldun gave his account of the stages of economic development, from nomadic to agricultural to more cooperation in economic matters which occur through an expansion of a town to a city, where demand increases and skilled labor congregates and expands produc tion both ill quantity and in refinement. Economic growth continues so long as there is an extra effort, which creates capital accumulation, which in turn, combined with effort, leads to more production and the development of crafts in the cities. Wealth expands through labor and its efforts, whereas with less human effort there may occur a reversal to stagnation, followed by a downward trend in people s standard of living.† (I.W. Oweiss). Needless to say, it would be too much to explain who said

The Heart Of Darkness, Metamorphosis, And The Stranger

This paper is to explain the comparisons and contrasts of â€Å"The Heart of Darkness†, â€Å"Metamorphosis†, and â€Å"The Stranger†. In each book, being isolated of the quality or state of being human and being separated from the state of things as they actually exist, are evident and are clearly defined. The isolation of humanity, can appear sometimes as an imbalance of the mental state, whether it is caused by a self – administered means, by one’s personal choices or illness causing psychosis is up for question in these books. Also, our social circle, or family can facilitate this same isolation of the human quality by simply avoiding or shutting their eyes to an existing issue. Our reality as it stands is the tangible part of our lives, the people we see daily, the situations that arise daily, and our reactions to these things, all make up our normal daily reality. When a person become detached from that reality, it can cause a huge problem in that, we can do things that are not of normal human character. The reasons for this detachment, can be illness related or self - inflicted due to a warped ideology, as we will see in these books, or it can be promoted by social interactions. In the novel, â€Å"Heart of Darkness† by Joseph Conrad, Kurtz, has initiated his own alienation of humanity from the known European world, by secluding himself in his kingdom of African wilderness and culture. This African wilderness was open country to conquest, in Kurtz’ eyes. He answers to noShow MoreRelatedRevolutionary Ideas Can Be Proposed Through Art And Design1706 Words   |  7 Pagescentury. How has the context contributed to the approach, medium and presentation of the works? Leo Tolstoy described art as â€Å"one of the means of intercourse between man and man† in his book, ‘What is Art?’(1897).This is true when we st and beside strangers in an art gallery, and gaze at an artist’s work. One might praise the artist’s craftsmanship and the other may criticizing its overarching message. What transpires in this interaction is exactly what Tolstoy wrote about no matter how opposing theRead More Marlow’s Metamorphosis in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay3518 Words   |  15 PagesMarlow’s Metamorphosis in Heart of Darkness Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on the historical period of imperialism to illuminate its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle with two opposite value systems. Marlow undergoes a catharsis during his trip to the Congo and learns of the effects of imperialism. I will analyze Marlows change, which is caused by his exposure to the imperialistic nature of the historical period in which he lived. Marlow goes to the Congo River toRead MoreDescriptive Essay On My Car2250 Words   |  9 Pageshad, beyond his receding hairline, was the color of a grey cloud, flying low in the sky. â€Å"My name is Vladimir, how are you?† He asked. Entranced by the depth of his dark brown eyes, I was paralyzed from speaking. Normally, I find the presence of strangers to be unpleasing, like the drilling of a cavity at the dentist, but Vladimir’s presence felt more like the sight of a rainbow after an evening rain. The silence lengthens as the slender man, dressed in a light blu e button down shirt and hipster glassesRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesrepresents home, family, love, security? b. What represents wilderness, danger, confusion? i.e. tunnels, labyrinths, jungles c. Geography can represent the human psyche (Heart of Darkness) d. Going south=running amok and running amok means having a direct, raw encounter with the subconscious. e. Low places: swamps, crowds, fog, darkness, fields, heat, unpleasantness, people, life, death f. High places: snow, ice, purity, thin air, clear views, isolation, life, death 20. †¦So Does Season a. Spring, SummerRead MoreThe Forest in Folk and Fairy-Tales3104 Words   |  13 Pagesforest at great personal risk in order to evolve. The symbolic connection between the soul of man and the forest can be traced back three thousand years to Ancient Egypt, where, in The Tale of Two Brothers the younger brother reposes his living heart in a tree. (Allen: 2000: 231) The symbolism has ancient roots which have emerged through many ages and across continents. In the 14th century, Italian Dante Alighieri opened the first canto of his ‘Divine Comedy’ with: â€Å"Midway upon the journey of ourRead More Hope Springs Eternal: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption by Stephen King2812 Words   |  12 Pageshighlighting the many channels in which his wisdom aids him. Furthermore, King shows the reader how this passage develops Andy as a person through the different ways he utilizes this remembrance, both for his benefit and that of others. Andy’s heroic metamorphosis provides a template for the different perceptions of memory within the text; such as that of a self-fulfilling resource, liberating gift to others and finally, a hopeful dream for the future. Upon his arrival at Shawshank, Andy is very muchRead More Compare racial and cultural struggles in Alice Walker’s The Color2850 Words   |  12 Pagesaccept her, who is she to think that He will? This view is strengthened when Pecola visits the pseudo-white character Geraldine’s house, whereby she is cursed by this woman and chased from her farcical ‘Dick and Jane’ style home. Home is where the ‘heart’ is, but all Pecola sees as she flees from this place she admires is a â€Å"portrait of the [white] angelized Jesus looking down at her with sad and surprised eyes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This white figure of Western religion is perhaps â€Å"unable to help her† as she is notRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesAlice in Wonderland JF Camus, Albert The outsider (or the stranger) AF Camus, Albert The plague AF 3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Carver, Raymond Cathedral in The stories of Raymond Carver AF Chabon, Michael The amazing adventures of Kavalier and Clay AF Clare, Monica Karobran: the story of an Aboriginal girl AF Conrad, Joseph The heart of darkness AF Cormier, Robert The chocolate war YA Cormier, Robert IRead MoreRomanticism and Modernism as Strange Bedfellows: A Fresh Look at Jack Kerouacs On the Road12240 Words   |  49 Pagesinherent in On the Road. The original scroll that he handed to his editor was a single spaced, single paragraph manuscript, quite unconventional in style, definitely deemed as modernistic in composition. One, however, must begin at the romantic heart of the novel. On the Road possesses three distinct characteristics that constitute romantic literature: outcasts as central characters, emotionalism, and imagination. First, the reader is introduced to a number of outcasts. Starting with the mainRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesreality. The importance is placed on the subjective. This importance on human cognition rather than belief or assumption is mirrored in existentialism.Albert Camus  takes a phenomenological view to the world with his descriptions of knowledge: This heart within me I can feel, and I judge that it exists. This world around me I can feel, and I likewise judge that it exists. There ends all my knowledge, and the rest is construction. While the rest of philosophy is often focuses on how things are and

Scapegoating Free Essays

Scapegoating, (v, act of singling out any party for unmerited, negative treatment) has been around since the biblical days, and still exists in many different forms today. Although there are many reasons a person or group of people may have for choosing a scapegoat, the bottom line is the simple fact that the â€Å"blamer† does not want to accept responsibility for their own actions or feelings. Whether fueled by hostility, aggression, frustration or jealousy, the scapegoat is singled out as the cause of those unwanted feelings, and for any trouble that may come up along the way. We will write a custom essay sample on Scapegoating or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scapegoating can happen anywhere from right at home within the family, right up the line to various issues within society and politics. Within the home, although most people view this to be their â€Å"safe place,† this may not be the case for some. There are many families that either knowingly or unknowingly pick one member of the family to be the scapegoat. This person will bear the brunt of most or sometimes all family members’ anger and frustrations. There are different factors that contribute to how this person is chosen, such as: being viewed to be weaker, they may have traits of un liked relative or friend of the family, or many other unknown reasons. Eventually, this person will begin to accept this to be their lot in life, and begin to accept the blame as reality. This will lead to emotional, behavioral, and social problems, as well as lead to low self- confidence and low self -worth. Another common place to see issues of scapegoating or bullying would be within society and politics. Some societies will place the blame for certain social problems on certain groups. There are places in the world that label specific tribes or ethnicities as the cause for what is going on. Countries will put the blame for government issues onto the President, or Prime Minister. The leader of these countries will then in turn use scapegoating to distract from more serious, underlying issues by keeping the public busy blaming another person, country or group. The bottom line is that scapegoating, although it may seem convenient at the time, does not actually solve anything! It can lead to violence, hatred, segregation, and more serious issues. There are very rare instances of anything positive coming from scapegoating in a family setting, and even more within society and politics. How to cite Scapegoating, Essay examples

Memo Australia

Question: Mr. Dewey, a Senior Partner of the CPA firm Dewey, Cheatem, Howe, after noting that many positivist-accounting theorists and rightwing economists recommend that general purpose financial statements (GPFS) be deregulated and let market forces control the quality of GPFS, has suggested that the role (and revenues) of independent external audit firms will be dramatically enhanced. Required: Give insight on this issue in a to 1 page Memo that is addressed to Mr. Tu Dewie and resolves his concerns. Answer: Context: Mr Dewie has requested that us get to the benefit improving open doors made by such revaluation of non-current resources. Action: The general effect of revaluation of non-current resources would not be on benefit and misfortune account. The same would be collected as Revaluation Reserve under Equity. Mr. Howe, AASB 1041, on Revaluation of Non-Current Assets and AASB 116, on Property, Plant and Equipment manages the issues of revaluation of non-current resources. According to the prerequisites of the benchmarks the non-current resources of the organization may be perceived at the reasonable estimation of such resource. However there is a necessity of steady revaluation of the advantage, so the convey measure of the benefit does not vary with the reasonable esteem really. Currently revaluation there may be either an increment in the estimation of the benefit or a lessening in the quality. The standard accommodates the bookkeeping technique under both the circumstances. On the off chance that the reasonable business sector estimation of the advantage is more than the book estimation of the benefit, then the advantage must be re-esteemed upwards. Currently upward revaluation of advantage the organization would procure benefits. However these benefits would be specifically credited to the Revaluation Reserve which structures a piece of the Equity and would be aggregated there. The firm would not be allowed to perceive the income emerging there from in the benefit and misfortune. Consequently if a class of benefits are re-esteemed upwards the ensuing increase would gather in the Reserves of the worry. In the meantime, there may be a circumstance when the reasonable business sector estimation of the benefit is short of what the book estimation of the advantage. Under those circumstances the firm would need to debase the advantage, and remember it at lower than the convey sum which would come about into a misfortune to the worry. This misfortune would be perceived in the benefit and misfortune instantly as a thing of cost. The general misfortune on the advantage would be charged off to the benefit and loss of the organization and would show up as a thing of costs in the year of descending revaluation. The standard requires for revaluation at normal interims to guarantee that there are no significant contrasts between the worth reported, and the real reasonable estimation of the advantage. Consequently there may be a circumstance that an advantage has been depreciated in one monetary year and the same meets all requirements for upward revaluation in any resulting year. Under these circumstances, the benefit emerging on the revaluation of such resource, may be perceived in the benefit and misfortune as a thing of income just to the degree of misfortune perceived in the benefit and misfortune in any past monetary year. Any sum in overabundance of such misfortune would be collected as Revaluation Reserve under Equity. Subsequently on the general audit of the bookkeeping procedure, there can be no circumstance when the revaluation of the advantage can have any benefit improving open door. The main probability for distinguishment of income because of revaluation would emerge when a relating measure of costs has been perceived in any prior budgetary year, consequently squaring off the general misfortune. There is no benefit upgrading open doors accessible for a firm as a consequence of revaluation. Rather then again there may be a decrease of benefit because of the distinguishment of misfortune on descending revaluation of advantage. In these grounds Mr. Howe, we reason that there are no probability for upgrading the benefit because of the revaluation of non-current resources. Reference: AASB Standards

The Birth Control Pill Essays - Hormonal Contraception,

The Birth Control Pill The Birth Control Pill: The Pill with Many Issues Generations of women have lived with the task of controlling the childbearing process. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill. The approval of the pill was a great event for women. The birth control pill not only prevents pregnancy, it also treats several feminine disorders. Before the birth control pill, many women turned to illegal or self-performed abortion. In 1973 abortion was made legal by the case of Roe Vs. Wade. These events have become a great privilege for women, but neither prevents A.I.D.S. or other diseases. In 1916, the birth control movement was established by a public health nurse name Margaret Sanger. Sanger opened up the first birth control clinic in New York. This clinic informed women about deciding to become mothers and when. It also provided education to women about existing birth control methods. The idea of a woman's right to control her own body and her own sexuality, gave a new outlook to family planning. Sanger recorded in her autobiography: ?Every day the little waiting room was crowded. Women came from the far end of Long Island (the press having the spread the word), from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. They came to learn the ?secret? which they thought was possessed by the rich and denied to the poor.? (Asbell 44) According to Bernard Asbell, the state of New York charged Sanger with illegal distribution of contraceptive information and forced Sanger to close the clinic (45). In 1951, Sanger and Katharine McCormick, an heir to the International Harvester fortune, wanted a simple and a more efficient form of a contraceptive. Sanger went to Gregory Pincus, a researcher at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, with their idea. Pincus had been receiving funds from the Planned Parenthood Federation to study mammalian egg, but it was not enough to develop a hormonal contraceptive (Asbell 59). It was an $180,000 contribution from McCormick that funded adequate research development for a hormonal contraceptive. By 1955, Pincus, a Harvard gynecologist named John Rock, and graduate student Min Chueh Chang had found a way to keep a woman from conceiving. The team of three came up with a progestogen pill that would keep a woman from ovulating; therefore she could not get pregnant. This pill was called the birth control pill and was approved by the Food and Drug administration in 1960. S. Snider reports that the birth control pill ?was a major medical achievement that rewrote the future of women and family life. For the first time in history, it became possible for a woman to safely and effectively control childbearing by taking a pill (4). Although the pill was a wonderful success, it wasn't long before health officials raised concerns about serious side affects. Fears of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke, caused exhaustive research on oral contraceptives in the 60's and 70's. The health risks are not as large due to the low-dose birth control pills on the market today (Snider 5). The birth control pill does not only prevent pregnancies, but it also helps control some diseases and other medical problems. Many women that have an irregular menstrual cycle take the pill to keep their cycle normal. The pill has also proven to help women who have endometriosis. In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled case of Roe vs. Wade to legalized abortion. Since there has been health scares about the pill abortion has seem to become the other alternative to contraception. Some teenagers and women abuse abortion as a form of birth control. Many women have used abortions as a drastic form of contraception, due to carelessness or ignorance of better methods. In 1981, the virus acquired immune deficiency syndrome, better known as A.I.D.S. was identified. This virus weakens and breaks down the body's immune system making it almost impossible to fight off other viruses, infections and diseases. A.I.D.S. usually is caught by unprotected sex or drug use. The birth control pill will prevent a woman from conceiving; however the pill will not protect a woman from the A.I.D.S. virus. According to Jean Lawrence of the U.S. Center for Disease control and Prevention: ?Women whose partners use condoms to prevent A.I.D.S. and other sexually

Historiographical Debate over the Origins of the First World War.

Historiographical Debate over the Origins of the First World War. A discussion always at the forefront of historiographical debates is that of the origins of the world wars. This paper will be examining the debates that specifically concern WWI, and its origins by analyzing three prominent perspectives. Fritz Fischer and his book Germany's Aims in the First World War, Gerhard Ritter's A New War-Guilt Thesis? and The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914, by Konrad H. Jarausch.Arguably the most controversial view to emerge from the historiographical debate over the origins of the First World War belongs to Fritz Fischer. A German historian, Fischer in the 1960s published his book Germany's Aims in the First World War, reviving the 1920s idea that Germany was largely to blame for the First World War. The strength of his case lies in the large amounts of primary evidence he had collected to support the argument that Germany sought to establish itself as a world power, and that the great war was merely the co ntinuation of the nation's weltpolitik from the late nineteenth-century.Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, argued for a guarante...Fischer conveniently linked Germany's aims in WWI to the aims of Nazi Germany in WWII, gaining popular support from those still reeling from the shocking events of the Second World War. He denounced the German claim that the war was defensive or preventive, by noting that the German government had used the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary as an excuse to attack Serbia and Russia. [1] According to Fischer, Germany had almost complete control over the political maneuvers of Austria at the time, and was directly responsible for the ultimatum issued to Serbia. Furthermore, German diplomats went to great lengths to ensure that Germany did not appear to know anything of the actions Austria-Hungary had taken. Fischer provides evidence of this in...

Global economic and marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global economic and marketing - Essay Example 1.3 Decreasing the price of a commodity does not necessarily mean that a business establishment will realise profits. This is because there are other market forces such as competition that decide the price at which good and services are to be offered in the market. This being the case the management of the company should perform an assessment of the market in order to understand how various factors affect the price and demand of transport. After doing so the company will be well equipped to know to which level they should lower their prices in order to enjoy profits. Question two 2.1 One notices that changes in the income tax change in different ways from 2008 to 2013. This can be attributed to various factors that force the government to adopt taxation policies. For instance, when the government is running on a deficit budget then it is within reason that the government increases the income tax rate or tax band in order to increase its revenue. From the data provided one establishes the United Kingdom does not increase the tax rate but it increases the tax band. This is considered by various scholars as a good policy to adopt when allocate tax revenue especially in economic turmoil times. The tax system of the United Kingdom is designed in a manner in which those who earn minimum wages are charged lower taxes than those who earn higher amounts. For instance a person who earns 150,000 pounds is charged a higher tax rate when compared to one who earns 10, 000 pounds. This is so since the one earning above 150,000 falls under three different tax bands with three different tax rate each higher than the other. As a result their salary is deducted a considerable amount of their tax money. The United Kingdom government employs a tax system based on tax bands rather than increasing tax rates in order to ensure that low income earners are not deducted huge sums of money as income tax while at the same time the government continues to earn more revenue from those earnin g high incomes. In short, it is a good policy adopted since the latter complements the previous. 2.2 Income level 1 - ?10,000 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Personal allowance ?6,035 ?6,475 ?6,475 ?7,475 ?8,105 Income after reduction of personal allowance

Literature Review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Literature Review - Dissertation Example The massive growth in population applies enormous strain on the local workforce and population on an island that has limited natural resources and space. As stated further, mostly Shiites in Bahrain believe that this population growth is basically to a greater extent as a result of the naturalization of Sunni outlanders, which is certainly at their cost. Since a breakdown by religious camps is unavailable officially, it is usually considered that 70% of the Bahrain’s population consists of Shiites where as the remaining Bahraini population includes Sunnis. Nevertheless, this proportionality might have changed due to the naturalization policy of the regime. Bahrain holds a relatively exceptional position among the GCC countries due to its mass Shiite population, long history of political opposition, liberal social norms and natural resources earning relatively small income. ... After the Sunnis the hawala families, who re-located themselves in Bahrain during the last century from the coast of Iran, declared themselves as of Sunni and Arab origins. The fifth and the biggest tire of the socio-political hierarchy constitutes the indigenous Shiite Arabs known as the Al-Baharina where as bottom most tier include the Persians, both Shiite and Sunni. No to mention that all the Shiites are in favor of the protesters or there is no Shiite elite. However some Shiite families such like the Al-Arrayed and Al-Jishi have turned very rich and are regarded as the allies of the ruling families. MOBILIZATION AND POLITICAL TENSIONS Contemporary education commenced quite early as per regional standards, which is inclined towards a large educated middle class and supports the first liberal organizations, trade unions as well as labor movements. This further stimulated the population during the 1950s as well as prompted a re-known uprising in 1965 against the presence of the Bri tish. As a result of this, an extremely engaged associational life was created. Perhaps Bahrain possesses the dynamic and obtrusive civil society amongst the Arab Gulf states (Fuccaro, 2009). The successors of these groups are yet in function today. Al-Kahlifa endeavored to strengthen their legitimacy, during the late 1960s and early 1970s while they were experiencing an opposition that illustrated sharp class and ideological characteristics, by asking for the development of an assembly assigned to draw up a constitution consensus at which the semi-elected national assembly possessing limited legislative powers would agree upon. In June 1973, the constitution was promulgated where as in the early

Compare and contrast Stopping by woods on a snowny evening & The Road Essay

Compare and contrast Stopping by woods on a snowny evening & The Road Not Taken - Essay Example The woods, although beautiful and serene, represent a dark and lonely place away from society and responsibilities. This isolation is tempting and seems to offer peace and quiet but is something no one would want or advise. For example, even the owner of these woods is away in his village on this â€Å"darkest evening of the year† (8). The village symbolizes society and civilization and is separate from this lonely, isolated spot so that even the owner won’t know that this visitor was here. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the narrator comes across a fork in the road and is presented with two choices. Both are seemingly the same and there is no sure way to choose the right one, â€Å"the passing there/ Had worn them really about the same† (9-10). What matters most is that a choice has to be made. The narrator does, however, spend a lot of time judging his decision (Fagan 295). For example, he looks down one path and analyzes it as best he can, â€Å"long I stood /And looked down one as far as I could/ To where it bent in the undergrowth† (3-5). Also, the narrator realizes that any choice he makes will lead him to other choices and he won’t be able to come back to the first one. In both poems, Frost uses nature imagery to symbolize the journey of life. For example, in â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, the woods represent a place and choice away from society, free from any obligations. Similarly, in the â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the two paths in the woods are symbolic of life’s critical choices and decisions that one has to make (Fagan 295). Also, the imagery of grass represents the people that have already traveled down that particular path. Both poems also allude to the fact that both narrators have a long way to go and that their journey does not stop at these woods or cross roads of life. For example, in â€Å"The Road

The influence of the media: Canadian elections

The influence of the media: Canadian elections Mao ZeDong once said that power comes out of the barrel of a gun. While that is still true, power also comes out of the manipulated images created to change ones thinking process and behaviour. Through the world of third person communication, technologies have generated various types of media. This paper will be discussing the effects and influential powers exercised by media in Canadian elections. During this complex process, understanding the brief history of media organizations as well as some information on Canada will provide a steppingstone for a deeper knowledge of the concepts and practices. Practically, in every attitude of the election campaign will engage the media. In fact, media is the ultimate platform where all political parties will be fighting on. Whether by budging through television and news reports or by purchasing time and space on mass media, parties must always use media to hype voters for support. Media organizations have their own agenda. They tend to sell themselves to the audiences with their star reporters, journalists, and as much as they can cover over the course of election. Inevitably, news will be discriminately selected, stories will be twisted, and they will be promoted with personal views and reactions. Mass media, therefore, will have powerful influences on voters. Canada, the country with the highest per capita immigration rate in the world, is far more familiar to multiculturalism than any other countries. Citizens are more social and less religious, while at the same time, keeping less class oriented and less partisan, than Americans who are more troubled by racial issues. As stated by Ian McAllister: Partisan dealignment implies that fewer voters begin the election cycle with such predisposition, making them more susceptible to the short-term issues and themes of the campaign. In other words, Canadians tend to have less political attachments and therefore consumers have greater effects on broadcast media. First Canadian media is the invention of newspaper. It is developed in the eighteenth century as gazettes. The official publications at that time are restricted only to edicts and laws, and some news from the home country; editorial materials are highly prohibited. Reporters are often beaten, threatened or jailed by the authorities. Until 1820s and 1830s, after William Lyon Mackenzie and Joseph Howe have fought and won the important court battle on in the area of publications materials, the right to publish freely can finally be ensured. Since then, various types of media have surfaced within citizens lives. Consumers are able to acquire contents that can be accessed through newspaper, television, radio, magazine, video product, or the internet. A new market has been innovated. Yet, the ownership of this new product remains in relatively few hands. These privately owned corporations, controlled by very wealthy people, dominate the Canadian media business. The effects are quite obvious, as Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky state: they are closely interlocked, and have important common interest with other major corporations, banks and government. Reporters keep close contact with the government as they could be benefited greatly from these close relationships. They could boost their popularity and influential ratings, as they were often given important scoops and leads, and they were known to have key connections to important backstage information. In the recent years of Canadian newspaper industries, some of the most significant changes were that the family-owned newspaper sold to newspaper chains owned by large business organizations. While reducing the production cost, newspapers became within reach of ordinary people, whereas, in the nineteenth century, newspapers were relatively expensive and available only to the elites. One of the biggest newspaper companies, Canwest, now under the control of Shaw Media, owns thirteen newspapers in Canada, which together control over thirty percent of Canadas newspapers circulation. Another large communications company is Sun Media, which issues thirty six different newspapers, making it the most number of papers per company. The two companies cover up to fifty one percent of the total number of newspaper and take over fifty-four percent of Canadas total newspapers circulation, thus, creating a concentrated ownership. With dominate powers; these two companies are in much lesser competiti on forces. They will feel unnecessary needs on the range of media information than do the need to make profits and the organizational structure of news-gathering and reporting. As a result, concentrated ownership is seen as limiting the range of ideas and information that reach the public. The limitation on the range of ideas and information was further explained by Walter Lippman who first proposed that the function of news is to signalize an event. The concept can be understood more in details by the argument made by Bernard Cohen after his research during the 1960s, The press is significantly more than a purveyor of information and opinion, it may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about. During the elections of 1988, as one of the major campaign themes, the New Democratic Party (NDP) constructed the following message (audio): The job is hard work. I love it and Im good at but Canadas good Medicare is being threatened by the Mulroney free trade deal. In the United States Ive seen whole families wiped out by one illness. We cant let that happen here in Canada. The New Democrats started Medicare and I know I can trust Ed Broadbent to fight for it. This time, Ed Broadb ent. The short commercial, highlighting a nurses fear on the health care system of Canada, have created the NDPs most successful election in the history, a 20.4 percent of votes with 43 district seats in the House of Commons. Media plays a role in social learning. The first appearance of this effect can be extracted from the World War I; when tens of millions of people being entertained, and influenced by the latest Hollywood films, and when large numbers of population were being subjugated and manipulated by the propagandas created by Hitler and Stalin. The first research on such effects was conducted in 1920s and 1930s, and sometimes called the magic bullet theory. The hypothesis behind was that media images could directly penetrate peoples conscious and unconscious thoughts. In a study of 1,800 children and adolescents, Herbert Blumer concluded that when his subjects saw behaviours of the actors in the films that were beyond their own experiences, subjects behaviours were altered primarily based on what they had been seen at the movies. To be effective and influential, political parties must find consistent association between media viewing and an increase in changing behaviour. Effective broadcast of media is like the shadow striker; it hits the viewer anonymously. Agenda-setting and priming can be adopted for an effective broadcast to influence viewers. Various researches on agenda-setting involved relationship between the priorities on a particular issue set by the media and by the public. McCombs whom first started researches on agenda setting noted that the media influence what people believe before they reach a decision, particularly and election decision. If candidate is able to lead voters to a realization on a particular issue, and set it to top priority, then they may have an effective advantage. With a condition that the voter is not a partisan, in which something Canada tends to have less of. Priming the audience is identified by Iyengar and Kinder as a phenomenon that they described as by calling attention to some matters while ignoring others, television news influences the standards by which governments, presidents, policies, and candidates fo r public office are judged. If the television news broadcast the environmental issues over a significant time period as lead items, then environmental issues will be the deciding factors to the government for viewers. When it comes to television advertising, these techniques can be very effective. Another important finding on media effect is the role of repeated messages which was studied by Rothschild and Ray(1974). In an experiment using short ads about candidates, 20 percent of the subjects remembered the candidates after the message had been presented once; 55 percent of the subjects could name the candidates after it had been presented six times. The experience can be summarized into; message repetition is an important factor in familiarizing voters with candidates and issues. In Canada, the current election laws give the governing party enormous advantage in the media campaign. During each election campaign, each broadcaster must have a certain amount of minutes made available for political parties to purchase for advertising based on the number of seats that each party has in the House of Commons, the percentage of the vote in the last election, and the number of each party candidates running for election. In 2008 election campaign, 396 minutes in total were allocated; the governing party, the Conservative Party, had 95.5 minutes, the runner up, the Liberal Party, had 82.5 minutes, and the New Democracy Party only had 45 minutes. The result of the 2008 election was the Conservative Party won 143 seats with 37.6 percent in vote, the Liberal Party has 77 seats with 26.2 percent in vote, and the New Democracy Party has 37 seats with 18.2 percent in vote.In concept, with the datatand advertisers at least as much as they cover the election.

Evaluation of The Woman In Black Essay -- Drama

Evaluation of The Woman In Black On the 26/6/05 we went to see a performance called the women in black with all the pupils who chose drama as their gcse. We made our way to the coach and got ready to leave. The coach drove into London and everyone was very enthusiastic about seeing this play as it was supposed to be scary and most people there hadn’t been to the theatre. First we went to the theatre where we were given a preview of how they used lighting and sound on the stage. I was incredibly interested at how the lighting was such a big part in a performance! It affected the whole mood of the audience meaning that the sound and lighting director can control our mood before the actors even get on the stage. This I think is vital for the actors, for example if the lights were very bright and you were trying to pull of a scary scene it just wouldn’t work or it would be very hard to pull off. But if the lights were dim or even on black out then the mood would change, darkness is a good tool to use, but used too often can ruin a play. Darkness played a major part in the play; it was used two or three times, but only one being used to scare the audience. This created tension as sometimes, nothing scary would happen when the lights got dim. Sounds were also used with the lighting to create or make you use your imagination on the stage. Different sounds were played, but I found that the best â€Å"trick† they used was the journey the main character does on the...

Education and Guest Speaker Essay

â€Å"No matter how hard life is, one has to hope for happiness. Sorrows and failures are to be accepted as milestones towards success.†Ã‚  To our guest speaker __________________, school administrators and officials, teachers, parents, classmates, fellow students, guests, ladies and gentlemen a pleasant (morning or afternoon).  Today is a happy day for all of us. It is a day of celebration as we students of this school finish our elementary education. It is not a simple accomplishment. All of us know how we graduates struggled, burned our midnight candles just to pass our examinations and submit our school requirements. Further, at some point in time, our parents experienced financial difficulties but by God’s grace, we were able to accomplish the tasks laid before us successfully. Definitely, God is good. Leaving the portals of this school which I loved since prep school is not easy. It is from this academic institution that I learned to value the importance of education in one’s life. With that in mind, I gave my best efforts in my studies. Excellence has become my battle cry. The basic education the school has taught me laid down a strong foundation that will help and guide me as I continue my studies and pursue my ambition in life. I know I would be successful for I have anchored my faith in God, molded by the Christian values the school has imparted and with the unconditional love of my parents who patiently provided me with advises, love and support me for all my needs. Life at school has become meaningful and was shaded with different beautiful colors as days pass. It can be compared to movies or â€Å"teleseryes† on television. There is drama. There is comedy, action and adventure. The different activities we have joined and actively participated completed our academic training. We were not only confined to the four walls of the classroom but at the same time encouraged to bring out our hidden talents, skills and potentials. Sharing one’s self to a classmate or to a friend is such a great joy.

Internet Freedom and Democracy

Internet Freedom and Democracy Recently people more aware about real democracy because technological developments and internet help people who access the internet simultaneously. Especially internet has a great contribition. Internet’s most important two features which are pure information and easy accessibility are gift from network developers to general public. Some believes that this intervention is very helpful for humanity and some others argues that internet will be a tool for mean and malevolent people such as terrorists,racist or pedophiles.Democracy’s most well known feature is being free as can as possible. Person who lives in democratic country can do what s/he wants to do without abusing the other people’s rights,feelings and freedoms. Accordingly on this definition , people can access to internet when they want. They can communicate with each other or surf on the internet and no one can stop users. Internet is a new way of promoting democracy. It is a new area that capable for keeping in touch with billions of people. It does not need to rest or it never dies. However this event depend on governments and authorities’ attitude towards the internet.As you imagine that, internet’s simplicity creates powerful interaction. This interaction ability leads billions of people’s attention. This interaction power and lots of people’s attention may cause a handicap for Authorities. Becouse of this great power States and Authorities want to control it. Thanks to the democracy, there is a obstacle for that. Our rights are saved by laws and governments can not inhibit our internet freedom. Let assume that all of the developing and developed countries are beindg governing with complete democracy.In this circumstance,a large amount of people can reach various imformation easily. Only one click on the mouse opens a door to the rest of the world. Jamie Metzl describes the internet as a quick and cheap way of exchanging the information. It is a great invention that people may gain information very fast and very easy. People can announce their voice and express their ideas. People may also express themselves without the internet but internet makes this process faster. Sharing ideas has become easier with internet. Because internet provides flow of informatin without any corruption or changes.For example (from Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article), human rights organizations were challenging with authoritarian governments early 80’s but later internet usage has started to grow and they have gained adventage from internet. They published their articles and annunced their activities freely. In Peter Brophy and Edward Helpin’s article, Amnesty International which is an organization that protects human rights all over the world. In their Indonesia campaign , they used the online communication becouse government could not making intervention to that area.Day by day Indonesian peo ple have become more aware about their rights and resisted to government’s human rights abuses. Briefly , internet provides democratic rights for people. With internet’s contribitions people can understand the democracy in fast and easy way. Internet is such a great invention that it is easiest way to foster freedom. There is no militaristic pressure, police stick, or torture for readings, songs and idea expressions. It means that there is no this kind of scary affects for being free. People know that they can read, listen or say what they want with internet.This is the main reason for internet’s popularity. Completely democratic countries have been allowing flow of information for many years. Except democratic and liberal countries’ citizens, people couldn’t express themselves freely before the invention of the internet. For example; in Turkey, in early 80’s lots of author was imprisoned by military because of their ideologies and books. Al so military was burning ideological books. Even today Turkish citizens aren’t recognizing the complete freedom. However, it changed recently. Lately 90’s internet has become popular and there was no limitation for it.That interval was the pure freedom for internet users. It is a fact that, only way for spread of an idea is communication. Frequency, power and speed of communication are directly proportional with dissemination of idea or information. A user’s idea could be effective on the other user. Different thoughts could become an ideology at the internet. For example; a couple months ago Turkish government has started to applying safe-internet which is software for limiting the internet. Popular bloggers wrote articles about it and they raise awareness about this law.Firstly bloggers and a lot of users protest this issue on web but it didn’t be effective. After that bloggers planned a real protest at streets. They invited both internet users and civil public to strike this issue. Thousands of people responded this call and they protest that law because, government tried to abuse their internet freedom. However, some people argue that internet isn’t kind of a tool that helpful for democratic developments. In dictatorships and non-democratic countries internet doesn’t work properly while process of promoting the democracy.Censorship issue and authoritarian pressures prevent flow of information. Not only civil people use the internet. Governments have their own websites or blogs. Public’s internet is being limited with same technology by governments. Civilian programmers call that the Censor ware. There are lots of ways for blocking or limiting access to websites. Most well-known are Web filters which programmed by states’ programmers. Another one is blocking the website. Jonathan Strickland mentioned this issue in his article. For Strickland, Governments block access to the web pages they identify as un desirable.Undesirable means that the websites which criticizes the state’s ideology or contrary with government’s activities. As a result, these actions cause a counter belief for internet’s democracy foster power. In conclusion, many people believe that internet is accelerating the freedom and democracy in most of the countries. A few people disagreeing with that but generally thought of internet’s contributions to democracy is positive. Two main features of this technology are helping people which are fast and easy and fast accessibility and not corrupted information.

Return on Assets What It Is and How to Use It

Return on Assets What It Is and How to Use It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The business world is full of acronyms, and keeping them all straight can be tough. What is Return on Assets, also known as ROA? Read on to learn exactly what ROA is, how you can use the ROA formula to calculate it, how ROA relates to similar financial ratios, and, most importantly, what you can learn about the success and future of a company from its ROA. What Is Return on Assets? Return on assets (sometimes known as Return on total assets) is a financial ratio that tells how much profit a company can generate from its assets. Successful businesses are able to earn more money from their assets, and ROA tells you how well a business is doing that. In general, the higher the ROA, the better the company is doing because higher ROAs indicate a company is more effectively using its assets to generate profits. In other words, they’re earning more money on less investment. How Do You Calculate Return on Assets? Return on assets is calculated as the ratio of the company’s net income to its average total assets. Net income (also known as net profit) is the amount of total revenue remaining after accounting for all expenses. Total assets are all the resources a company owns that have economic value. Here’s the ROA formula: ROA = Net Income à · Average Total Assets For example, if a company has $20,000 in total assets and generates $2,000 in net income, the return on assets calculator tells you that its ROA would be $2,000 / $20,000 = 0.1 or 10%. An ROA of 10% means the company earned $0.10 for every $1 it has in assets. What Does ROA Tell You? The return on assets ratio is a way to determine how well a company is performing. It shows how well a company can convert the money used to purchase assets into profits. As mentioned above, higher ROAs are generally better because they show the company is efficiently managing its assets to produce more net profits. In general, an ROA over 5% is considered good. However, ROA can vary by industry, so instead of comparing one company’s ROA to a completely different company’s ROA to try to see which one is doing better, you’ll get more accurate data by comparing one company’s current ROA to its past ROA or to the ROA of another company in the same field. Here are the ROAs of several well-known companies. Notice how much they vary from each other. You could compare the ROA of Facebook to the ROA of Snap (Snapchat’s parent company) and say pretty confidently that Facebook provides a better return on assets than Snap because the difference (23.97% vs -40.62%) is so great and also because they’re in the same industry. However, you shouldn’t compare to ROA of Facebook with, say, the ROA of McDonald's because the two are in completely different industries. The data below is the ROA of each company from October through December 2018, and it comes from Macrotrends. Facebook: 23.97% McDonald's: 18.50% Target: 7.03% Exxon: 6.08% Snap: -40.62% New York Times: 6.36% General Motors: 4.25% Tesla: -3.42% Additionally, keep in mind that ROA isn’t a surefire way to gauge how well a company is doing because, like any other single financial value, it doesn’t include the whole picture. For example, companies with large initial investments will typically have lower ROAs, even if they’re doing well. Knowing additional financial ratios of a company will give you a better idea of how well it's doing compared to just looking at its ROA alone. We discuss two other key financial ratios in the next section. How Is ROA Different From ROE or ROI? Like ROA, Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Investment (ROI) are ratios used to measure the performance of businesses. Understanding the differences between the three will help you get a more complete view of how well a company is doing and how different factors are impacting its success. ROA vs ROE Both ROA and ROE measure how a company uses its resources. However, ROE only measures the return on a company’s equity and doesn’t account for a company’s debt. ROA does include the company’s debt. The more debt a company takes on, the higher its ROE will be relative to its ROA, and if a company has no debt, its ROE would equal its ROA. Here’s the formula for Return on Equity: ROE = Net Income à · Shareholder Equity Both ROA and ROE have net income in the numerator, but ROE has shareholder equity in the denominator. Shareholder equity = assets - liabilities. That inclusion of liabilities is the difference between ROE and ROA (ROA only has assets in the denominator). Investors typically use both values to determine how well a company is doing. The ROE value shows how effectively investments are generating income, while ROA shows how effectively the company’s assets are being used to generate income. ROA vs ROI ROI evaluates the impacts investments have had on a company during a defined period. Here’s the ROI formula: ROI = (Earnings - Initial Investment) à · Initial Investment Because assets and profitability of businesses can vary widely across industries, ROA is typically only useful for comparing similar companies within the same industry. ROI, however, can be used to compare companies in different industries because analysts can use ROI values to determine which company, in any industry, will return the most profits if they choose to invest in it. Summary: Return on Assets Ratio The return on assets ratio is a way to tell how much profit a company can generate from its assets. The ROA formula is: ROA = Net Income à · Average Total Assets The return on assets formula is one useful way to measure a company’s success, and, in general, the higher the ROA, the better. However, don’t rely exclusively on ROA to determine if a company is doing well, and don’t compare the ROAs of companies in different industries, since difference industries typically have different average ROAs. What's Next? Working on a research paper but aren't sure where to start?Then check out our guide, where we've collected tons ofhigh-quality research topicsyou can use for free. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class?We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know.

Commercial law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Commercial law - Case Study Example States and the UK are different, and nowhere is this more exemplified than by the respective responses by these two Government following major incidents of corporate fraud. This Case review compares some of the differences between the corporate environments operating in each of these jurisdictions, and explains how they may have contributed to such divergent responses. One can characterise these responses as legislative and/or regulatory. Legislative responses refer to legal changes that are made, which force businesses to change their practice if they are to remain compliant. In this instance, legislation is an externally enforced means of changing corporate behaviour. Regulations on the other hand can be externally or internally generated, and can promote a desired change of behaviour through legislature or through Codes of practice developed by industry bodies such as the group representing licensed auditors. Whether the regulations are internally or externally generated, one important aspect in which they differ from legislative regimes is the higher degree of importance placed on monitoring of entities within regulatory regimes. Legislative regimes primarily depend on the sanctions to foster compliance. Immediately, following the corporate governance crisis that occurred in the United States in 2002, the federal government implemented far reaching legislature, to protect investors from such levels of corporate fraud. On the other hand, when the U.K experienced a similar crisis in its corporate governance system in 1991, the response was much different. What followed was over a decade of Commission reviews which each provided best Codes of Practices for agents within the corporate governance regime. Eventually legislature on corporate fraud was only enacted in the Fraud Act of 2006. The analysis in this review points to some of the reasons that these government undertook such different responses. Firstly, prior to the crises, there was significant

Issues in Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Issues in Human Resource Management - Essay Example The qualities of an effectively managed employee according to Roosevelt T. [1978], relate to his ability to answer for himself and others the following five basic job related questions: i.Why am I here [How does he identify himself within the organiation] ii.Where am I going [What is his understanding of the goals of his unit and/or that of the entire organization How can he be a part of achieving that goal The manager is to let him know all these]. iii. How am I doing [He needs to know his performance and progress towards achieving the overall goal and objective of his unit/organisation]. iv. What is in it for me [What are the rewards for him for achieving results] v. What happens when I need help [How are they reinforced for doing good job What is the process of delivering the reward A manager can define for the subordinates what rewards he can give within a specific context]. An average worker and an average employer will expect the following from each other under a typical employment contract: EXPECTATIONS By Manager By Worker T O R E C E I V E Cooperative effort Problem solving by the worker Considerable self management Production beyond the minimum required Improvements in overall group performance Open communications of any unresolved problem Cooperative effort Some problem solving Some self management Service beyond the minimum required Performances as required T O G I V E T O G I V E * Adequate compensation Sense of belonging to company Sense of importance Sense of accomplishment Sense of purpose Training & knowledge Sense of fulfillmentAdequate compensation Sense of belonging Sense of accomplishment Sense of being valued T O R E C E I V E *In this instance, "to give"... Does the manager/management carry along the staff Do they have any definite goals/objectives to which their efforts could be channeled Are the mission and vision of the organization clearly made known to the staff v. What happens when I need help [How are they reinforced for doing good job What is the process of delivering the reward A manager can define for the subordinates what rewards he can give within a specific context]. *In this instance, "to give" should read as "to facilitate realisation of." [Adapted from Lashrook 1981b, Leader Manager] and supported by Rensis Likert and Jane Gibson Likert,[Integrative Goals & Consensus in Problem Solving] Rosabeth Moss Kanter [Empowerment] and Roger Harrison [Strategy for a New Age]. Things such as reducing time spent at work, spiraling wages, fringe benefits, etc have at one time or the other failed to bring out the expected result from an employee. It goes to suggest that it takes more than these incentives to motivate some people in order to get the best out of them, i.e. in terms of job performance and behaviour. In his hygiene factors/motivation, Herzberg tries to explain that certain issues bring job satisfaction and certain issues cause job dissatisfaction. Herzberg's studies revealed that the factors involved in producing job satisfaction [motivators] are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

Personal Wildly Important Goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Wildly Important Goal - Essay Example According to the study  the team should spend time in discussing the goals. When they talk about them every day, they will have mutual accountabilities towards achieving them. This means that they must be too sure of the goals. This calls for both vertical and horizontal communication among the team members. The team members should be aware of the key measures of success. There is a need for feedback. It is important to let the workers know when they do right. This will be an incentive to the team. However, it is hard to measure how much people are trying. Customer feedback is also important. It gives the organization a sense of evaluating whether it has achieved the goals or not. To achieve set goals and estimated results within the set constraints of time and budget, a manager uses a project. This implies that project management is very crucial in achieving the goals of the firm. All goals should be clearly stated In conclusion, project management is very important in achieving o rganization’s goals. It helps the team to define the most important goals and this result in the achievement of the firm’s strategic plans.

Individual Work Motivation Essay Example for Free

Individual Work Motivation Essay Be it a multi-national company or a small superstore right down the corner of your house, motivated and energetic employees are a pre-requisite everywhere in order to reach the zenith of excellence, success and prosperity. In accordance with a research paper rooting out from The Ohio State Universitys Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, enthusiastic employees are desired for the survival and efficiency of a particular organization. (Lindner J. R. 1984) An assortment of theories exist which suggests the reasons that why the employees in this organization were unable to be energized and elated to perform better and portray their true potential and ability in the training program which was chalked out by their respective organization. (Lindner J. R. , 1984) Theories and their implications To begin with, expectancy theory is a theory that has been drafted out by Victor Vroom who belongs to the Yale school of Management. This theory aptly states that employees in any company would be highly motivated if they firmly believe that more hard work and better performance would succumb to better results, improved outcomes and enhanced rewards such as a tremendous increase in one’s salary or fringe benefits. (Vroom, n. d) Vroom also throws lights on this exceptionally important fact that an employee’s motivation and hence his or her performance is based on numerous factors such as aptitude, skills, personality, experience and the amount of knowledge that he or she possesses. Following this, the attention is now turned to the reinforcement theory of motivation. This theory was chalked out by B. F. Skinner and his accomplices. The foundation of this theory is the â€Å"law effect†. This means that an individual behavior have a tendency to be repeated if the consequences and the rewards are positive and tends to declines if the consequence are negative. Some of the note-worthy elements of the reinforcement theory are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. Re-inforcement theories Keeping these two considerably significant theories in mind, the employees at this particular organization are unable to execute well in the training program because they are provided with less rewards and less positive consequences. Their performance in the training program is not co-related with the rewards that they would receive. Each employee is paid the same amount for attending the program, whether that employee is motivated or not, had passed the exam or not. Hence, employees are not at all passionate and energetic for performing well in the program. Following this, the employees are allowed to retake the training till the time they pass the exam. This policy makes the employees motivated to give out their hundred percent at the training program. Recommendations Keeping all these factors into consideration, managers of this organization should tightly relate the rewards with the performance and should make use of the theory of positive reinforcement. Managers should also make sure that the rewards are those that are valued by their employees and are desired by them. Employees should be given the necessary support to boost up their motivation and enthusiasm, such as a mentor or a human resource manager. Last but not the least, negative reinforcement should be used as tool to motivate the employees by informing them that not performing up to a benchmark and hence not passing the training would result in negative rewards such a decrease in one’s pay or the cutting down on some of the fringe benefits.

Law Essays International Law

Law Essays International Law Explain and evaluate the role of International Law in the development of the concept of human rights. A. Introduction The need of co-operation and mutual development has lead the countries of the international community to create a legislative net which would have as basic task the regulation of the relationships between them. At a next level, the bodies that were created to handle these provisions and to supervise their application faced the problem of the absence of a suitable legal environment that could guarantee and protect their operation. The only solution seemed to be the extension of the law provisions that regulated the relationships between the States to these international bodies. In this way, the international law was constructed and came into force for every issue that presented elements of international character. We should notice that the international law is no longer restricted to the above described area, but it has been extended so that it can offer protection against criminal actions that are taken place against the humanity even if these actions are made by individuals. The judicial body that has the responsibility of this task is the International Criminal Court. Although the protection of the human rights has always been a priority – as declared – both to the nationals and the international law, there are certain circumstances under which the application of the law is becoming difficult and sometimes it is finally avoided. This is often explicated as a result of a ‘precautionary politic’ that is necessary in order to protect the human rights of the majority of residents of a state. One of the recent measures that have been applied towards this purpose is the detention of a person for reasons of safety of the public and with no relevant decision or order of a court. According to R.K.M. Smith (2005, p.240), the deprivation of a person’s liberty can only be acceptable when there are serious reasons that impose the detention as the only suitable measure. In any case, the whole procedure has to be done in accordance with the relevant legal provisions. There are also a series of human rights that are constantly threatened by the actions of states or individuals. Furthermore, there are a lot of cases that this threat has been developed into a violation due to the absence of specific authorities for such a task. The international bodies (authorized by the international law to manage its provisions and to guarantee the protection of the human rights for the international community) can only handle a small number of relevant reports based on the reports of the states on specific facts of violations (or threats) of human rights. The role of these bodies, although can be characterized as very important, is very limited and is being formulated under the pressures of the current economic and political powers. However, according to M. O’ Flaherty (2002, p.1-2) the reporting procedure to a non-governmental organization can help the State to clarify the problem (when constructing an analytical report for the case) and perhaps come to a solution without the interference of the NGO. In case that the State itself cannot resolve the problem, then it can report it to an international body and in this way it will have the support and the advice of a team of international experts. Although it seems that the difficulties following the application of the international law tend to grow in strength and number, the efforts of the international community have helped the creation of a legal basis for the protection of the human rights and, in some cases, have succeeded a satisfactory restoration of the damage caused by the rights’ violations. B. Legislation related with the protection of the human rights – national and international law In UK the basic legislation concerning the Human Rights protection is the Human Rights Act of 1998 whilst a lot of other Acts have been signed in order to cover specific problems related to the recognition and the protection of the above rights. According to article 2 of the Human Rights Act of 1998 ‘Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by the law’ (article 2, par.1). This article presents the general borders of the legislation aims and creates an obligation for the authorities and the individuals to respect a person’s life and existence. The articles that follow this fundamental provision are being addressed towards particular rights and freedoms of a person, like the right to liberty and security (article 5), the right to a fair trial (article 6), the right to respect for private and family life (article 8), the freedom of thought, conscience and religion (article 9), the freedom of expression (article 10), the freedom of assembly and association ( article 11), the right to an effective remedy (article 13) and so on (see 1580 [2004], R (on the application of Trailer and Marina (Levin) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and 1658 [2004], R (on the application of Clays Lane Housing Co-Operative Limited) v The Housing Corporation, Court of Appeal, Civil Division, 1748 [2004], Malcolm v Benedict Mackenzie (A firm) and Another, Court of Appeal, Civil Division and 2866 [2004], W v Westminster City Council and Others, Queen’s Bench Division. There are also articles that do not offer a right but they impose a behaviour that have to be in accordance with the terms included in them. In this way, it is stated that the torture, the slavery and the forced labour are absolutely prohibited (articles 3, 4) whilst no punishment should take place without lawful authority (prerequisite for a punishment that the action made was recognized as a criminal one at the time that the crime was made, article 7). It is also stated that any discrimination and any restriction on political activity of aliens should be avoided (articles 14, 16). The above general Act has been interpreted and completed through other Acts that have been signed in order to provide sufficient protection of the rights in cases that are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. As an example we could mention the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, which introduces alterations to the right of the liberty of a person as it is described by article 5 of the Convention for t he Human Rights, by permitting the detention of a person in cases when the existing evidence is enough to create the suspicion of a behaviour that could be a threat for the lives of other people (for the public). The very important element, which is introduced with the above Act, is that the existence of a relevant Court decision is not necessary. Other amendments to the Human Rights Act of 1998 are contained in the following Acts: the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Appropriation Act 2005 and the Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 (see 19 [2005], R (on the application of Hoxha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department; R (on the application of B) v Secretary of State for the Home Department). In the level of European Union, the basic legislation concerning the human rights is the European Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of 1948. The above convention has been amended by a series of protocols (no. 4, 6, 7, 11 and 12) and it presents the basic rules on which the national legislations of the member states should be adapted. The article 2 of the above Convention recognizes the right to life for every person and the following articles are covering the rest of the human rights’ areas of application, such as: the liberty (article 5), the private and family life (article 8), the thought, the conscience and the religion (article 9), the expression (article 10) and so on. Like the Human Rights Act of 1998 (UK) the European Convention, also imposes certain obligations regarding the application of the human rights, like the prohibition of torture (article 3), the prohibition of slavery and forced labour (article 4), the prohibition of discrimina tion (article 14), the prohibition of restrictions on political activity of aliens (article 16) and so on. The protocol No. 4 to the above Convention referred to specific areas of human rights, like the freedom of movement (article 2) and the right to keep the personal liberty in cases that there is a debt (prohibition of imprisonment for debt, article 1). The basic provision of the protocol No. 6 to the Convention is the abolition of the death penalty (article 1 of the protocol) whilst the protocol No. 7 to the Convention contained provisions that were related with the rights of a person facing a criminal punishment (articles 2-4) and with the private law character – rights of the spouses (article 5). A series of relevant decisions have been published accordingly like: C-17/98, Emesa Sugar (Free Zone) NV v. Aruba, C-112/98, Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG v. Commission of the European Communities, C-274/99, Bernard Connolly v. Commission of the European Communities and T-9/99, HF B Holding fur Fernwarmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Co KG and Others v. Commission of the European Communities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the above provisions, the international community has actively participated in the protection of human rights by the creation of a legal environment that can guarantee the avoidance of extremely violations of the rights and an independent (to the measure that this is achievable) valuation of the problem in cases that are brought before the relevant Bodies through the states’ reports. C. Problems related with the recognition and the protection of Human Rights by the international law Human Rights are by their nature a sensitive and transparent element of a person’s life. Although there are a lot of legislative work made for their protection, the scope and the objectives of the relevant provisions have not been fulfilled. The victims of the violations of the human rights are by fact the persons that present a weakness, physical, mental, of gender, of colour, of nationality or of other kind. The first to be violated are usually the children who although suffering are by nature unable to stand for their right. The person who is responsible for their protection has not, in many cases, the strength or the means to achieve such a task and the violation can continue for a long time. Smith A. (2004) examines the types of the offences that occur against the children and refers to specific problem that of the recruitment of children as soldiers. In her paper, she examines the legal aspects of the specific crime and presents the reasoning used by the Court to establi sh its decision in a specific case (Hinga Norman, 14/2004, Special Court for Siera Leone). After careful consideration, the Court decided that the recruitment of children to work of such a kind could attract individual criminal responsibility for the persons that were involved to this activity. On the other hand there are many reasons that could explain the difficulties that occur to the application of the international law provisions that are referring to the children.   Bhabha J. (2002) sees as a possible reason the general disadvantage of the children as a vulnerable and she argues that separated children can be accepted as an asylum seeker to a developed country but there are little guarantees for their safety at a next level. In a previous paper, Bhabha (Bhabha J., Young, W., 1999) had examined the conditions under which the children as unaccompanied asylum seekers are granted asylum according to the relevant U.S. guidelines. One of the most important development included in the new provisions, was the possibility of appointment of an individual as a guardian of a child until the relevant process is being finished. Furthermore, the violation of women’s rights (especially of their human rights) is constant and extended in multiple levels. Ankenbrand (2002) examined the position women seeking asylum under the German Law. He present the claims of women that are found in this position and he come to the conclusion that although the revision of the existing law has been admitted as necessary from the relevant legal bodies, there is not a positive activity to that direction. The violation of the right of religion seems to have been extended and the main problem is that of the specific description of the conditions that constitute a ‘religious practice’. Musalo (2004) argues that the prosecution for reasons of religious beliefs cannot be clearly defined today which comes in contrast to the simplicity of the relevant terms that the 1951 Convention had adopted. A very important matter related to the protection of the human rights is that of the extension of the relevant provisions of the international law. McGoldrick (2004) accepts that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) should be characterized as the basic institutional body regarding the supervision on the application of the terms of the international treaties that have been signed for the human rights. As of the specific category of refugees, the protection of their rights in the interior of the States is guaranteed by the operation of special institutional bodies that are authorized to examine each case that is being reported to them and proceed to a solution in the legal frame that has been indicated from the law for the specific problems. As an example, Daley (K. Daley, N. Kelley, 2000) refers to the existing relevant bodies in Canada, which are the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB), the Convention Refugee Determination Division (CRDD) and, of course, t he higher courts of the state that have the jurisdiction to review the decisions of the CRDD. The main problem related with the application of the international law in the area of human rights seems to be the extension of the phenomenon of violation of these rights. Due to the difficult and complex economic and political environment of many states around the world, the supervision of the application of the Human Rights’ provisions is usually impossible. The most common route for a problem to be put under examination and to be given a resolution is usually the report that a state submits regarding a specific fact of violation of rights. But the volume of work and the depth of the problem (which needs to be analyzed and examined in detail) prevent the permanent resolution of it and the solution that is been proposed to the state has usually a provisional character. D. Conclusion The recognition and the protection of the human rights have been the subject and the aim of a lot of legislative provisions both to the national and to the international area. The relevant laws have achieved to cover – at least from a scientific point of view – almost all the aspects of the problem. However, the weakness of the law – and mostly of the international one – seems to be the absence of stability regarding the procedures followed, the penalties that are imposed and the speed in providing a resolution at every case that is brought to the international institutional bodies. On the other hand, the existence of a series of authorities that are responsible for the application of the international law and their power to impose punishment when a violation occurs, create the image of a well-organized and powerful society, which can provide to its citizen the security and the protection they need to survey.

The Possible Secrecy of UFOs :: Unidentified Flying Objects Aliens Essays

The Possible Secrecy of UFOs Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the most controversial mysteries known to mankind. From ancient to present times, unidentified objects have been seen in the sky by millions of people. The question is, of course, what is it that we are seeing in our skies? Are they foreign spacecrafts from distant planets, merely Air Force experiments, or only our imagination? Many people believe that extraterrestrial life is existent and far more advanced then us. Conversely, many believe that aliens are just figments of our optimistic imaginations. What about our governments? Are they hiding vital information from us, the citizens of the world, in belief that we are better off not knowing the truth? Countless government employees have continually denied allegations of UFOs being in contact with our planet. Then again, many of these officials have also allegedly taken part in UFO cover-ups and seen flying saucers ­ for themselves. Is there some huge conspiracy, or are there only at tention-hungry people who wish to be in the spotlight? Arguments are incredibly strong for both sides. There is an excessive amount of information which could lead one to assume that UFOs are fiction, yet there is also an abundant amount of evidence which suggests that UFOs are in fact out there. What, and who, are we to believe? I. On September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington, a renowned astronomer of his time, saw two luminous bodies that he said were not meteors flying through the air (Lore 53). Nine years later at Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, many astronomers witnessed a luminous object that moved quickly across the sky, stopped, changed course to the west, then to the south, where it hovered for four minutes. Then it headed toward the north. (Lore 53) UFOs. What are they, and where do they come from? Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, are one of the worldÆ’Â ­s oldest and most intriguing mysteries. UFOs are commonly called flying saucers ­, which the American Heritage Dictionary defines as any of various unidentified flying objects typically reported and described as luminous discs (272). Esteemed Idaho businessman Kenneth Arnold coined the phrase flying saucer ­ when in June of 1947 he saw saucer-shaped discs flying over the Cascade Mountains. It was in this year that these unidentified flying object sightings began to escalate. About one month after Arnold saw these objects in the sky the incident at Roswell occurred.

English Doc

Heda Margolius Kovaly who wrote â€Å"Under a Cruel Star† writes about her horrible, suffering and tragedy life she endured first in the Nazi communist rule in her citizen Czechoslovakia. She was born in Prague to a Jewish family. She was young at the time when the Germany attacked Czechoslovakia during the World War II. Heda was in concentration camps during the World War II she escaped from the Nazi, she hardly survived, but her family died. At the end of the war; she returned to Prague and took part in uprising against the Germany in May 1945, she got married to an old friend, named Rudolf Margolius who is Jewish too.I will be writing about how Heda Kovaly suffered under the Nazism and had high hope for communism, how she view freedom and how it changed after her life changed too. Moreover, how Rudolf trial changed her life. Heda suffered a lot to escape from the camps, but her insists and demand to be free were more powerful than her fear of dead. â€Å"People often ask m e: How did you manage? To survive the camps! To escape! Everyone assumes it is easy to die but that the struggle to live requires a superhuman effort. Mostly it is the other way around. There is, perhaps, nothing harder than waiting passively for death.Staying alive is simple and natural and does not require any particular resolve. †(16). Towards the end of the war, Heda managed to escape from a death march to Bergen-Belsen and get to Prague. She fought for her personal freedom, but freedom perspective changed when she escaped from Nazi concentration then by joining the communist party thinking Friends were too scared of the punishments they would face if they helped her and she was wandered around the city for days trying to avoid arrest. After the end of World War II was ended the soviets had taken over Czechoslovakia Kovaly meaning of freedom change as her life changes.She united with her beloved Rudolph who got married and had son. They were struggling to find a house afte r they were sent to camps. At the end they were given a small apartment. Kovaly explains â€Å"although we continually hoped for freedom, our concept of freedom changed. † (60). Her concept of freedom before imprisonment was that it was â€Å"natural and self – evident. â€Å"By the end of their time in the camps, many prisoners came to accept the view that freedom is something that has to be earned and fought for, a privilege that is awarded, like a medal. (60-61). She clarified how it was impossible for the Czech people not to become â€Å"somewhat twisted†. Kovaly had fought for her personal freedom when she had escaped. From her experience and the problems she faced while she was escaping the camp, made her well aware of the politics around her. She was very intelligent and had her own opinion and she acknowledged the fact that â€Å"Our democracy had allowed the growth of the fascist and Nazi parties which in the end destroyed it† (57).She clarifie d that people were willing to work extremely hard to achieve their goal, that they want to rebuild the world. She always mentions how hard her husband worked to the party and many innocent people were thrown in jail. Heda’s life was different from all the other people in Czechoslovakia, because she was married to a man who was enrolled in the government administration. She had a unique point of view into the communist working government because her husband was a deputy minister in Czechoslovakian government. That helped Heda a lot to see the hypocrisies

Management Consultancy Essay

Ingram found out about this relationship when Scott’s new client, Barber Distributing, sold to one of Ingram’s customers at a price 10 percent under normal list price to get the DIS project. Ingram places pressure on Scott to get him the best price for the bid or lose his business. 2. What would you do if you were Scott Paterson? * If I were Scott Patterson, I will tell the truth to Ingram that the one truck load of the Bond-do-Perm is not available within two months and I cannot delivered within a few weeks, and once the one truck is already available I will deliver on time. It’s better to be honest than lied to the distributors because the truth will reveal. And after that I will make it up for him to stay to distribute the product to his company. And I will do a lot of explanation for him to understand why I signed up to Barber distribution. 3. What would you do if you were Larry Ingram? * If I were Larry Ingram, same him, I was upset because he signed up to his own competitors which is the Barber Distribution and I cannot understand until he will not explained clearly of what are the reasons why Scott do that to my company. All I have to do is to find another strategy for me to bid the price of Barber Distribution, and I will tell Scott that I cannot promise that I can stay longer on his company because I have to make my sales up and how can I do that if my own competitor are also distributing to the Perfect Solution. 4. What are the ethical considerations, if any, in this case? * The salesman signed the Barber distribution which is the competitor of Ingram’s company, he decided himself without knowing a possibility that he can lose his one of the best distributors.